Doctorate Wikipedia. A doctorate from Latindocere, to teach or doctors degree from Latin doctor, teacher or doctoral degree from the ancient formalism licentia docendi is an academic degree awarded by universities that is, in most countries, a research degree that qualifies the holder to teach at the university level in the degrees field, or to work in a specific profession. There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy Ph. Download Phd Programs Political Science Usa' title='Download Phd Programs Political Science Usa' />Training Programs in Family Systems Theory. The Center for Family Systems Theory offers three levels of training. D, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. In the United States and some other countries, there are also some types of vocational, technical, or professional degrees that are referred to as doctorates in their home countries, though they are not technically doctoral level as they are not research degrees and no defense of any dissertation or thesis is performed. These include the Doctor of Medicine MD, Juris Doctor JD, Doctor of Dental Medicine DMD, Doctor of Dental Surgery DDS, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine DO, Doctor of Chiropractic DC, Doctor of Psychology Psy. Macquarie University has partnered with CONACYT The National Council for Science and Technology of the United Mexican States to promote the access of Mexican. The University of Arizona is the states landgrant university and a member of the prestigious, invitationonly Association of American Universitiesmade up of. Undergraduate Programs Accounting and Finance Accounting and Financial Management Actuarial Science Anthropology and Law. Political science, also called government, is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts. Getting a scholarship for pursuing Post Graduate study is highly competitive as the available PhD scholarships are few. Starry Night Pro. Women with low income face many challenges in. D., Doctor of Pharmacy Pharm. D., and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine D. V. M. Internationally, however, the use of doctor to refer to these degrees is not universally accepted. Many universities also award honorary doctorates to individuals who have been deemed worthy of special recognition, either for scholarly work or for other contributions to the university or to society. HistoryeditMiddle AgeseditThe term doctor derives from the Latindocere meaning to teach. The doctorate Latin doctum, that which is taught appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin licentia docendi at a university. Its roots can be traced to the early church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers, and other Christian authorities who taught and interpreted the Bible. The right to grant a licentia docendi i. Catholic church, which required the applicant to pass a test, to take an oath of allegiance and pay a fee. The Third Council of the Lateran of 1. Applicants were tested for aptitude. This right remained a bone of contention between the church authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1. However, while the licentia continued to hold a higher prestige than the bachelors degreebaccalaureus, the latter was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the magister and doctorate, both of which now became the exclusive teaching qualification. According to Keith Allan Noble 1. Paris around 1. 15. The so called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum in contrast to liberal arts of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, and medicine. The doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 1. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is love of wisdom. In most of Europe, all fields history, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, and natural philosophynatural sciences7 were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the faculty of philosophy. The doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention,8 even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. Park 2. 00. 7 explains that it was not until formal education and degree programs were standardized in the early 1. Germany as a research degree,8 abbreviated as Ph. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree. Makdisis revised hypothesis that the doctorate originated in the Islamic ijazah, a reversal of his earlier view that saw both systems as of the most fundamental difference,9 was rejected by Huff as unsubstantiated. University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The first women to be granted doctorates were Juliana Morell in 1. Lyons,1. 1Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1. University of Padua, Laura Bassi in 1. Bologna University, Dorothea Erxleben in 1. Halle University and Mara Isidra de Guzmn y de la Cerda in 1. Complutense University, Madrid. Modern timeseditThe use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, and is subject to regional variations. For instance, until the early 2. English speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread. Universities shift to research oriented based upon the scientific method, inquiry, and observation education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a research doctorate Ph. D or its equivalent as defined in the USA by the NSF is generally a prerequisite for an academic career, although many recipients do not work in academia. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 1. The first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. at Kings College now Columbia University after the medical schools founding in 1. American sense as it was awarded for further study after the qualifying Bachelor of Medicine M. B. rather than being a qualifying degree. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 1. The MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability through the American Medical Association, established in 1. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1. 86. 1, at Yale University. This differed from the MD in that the latter was, a vocational professional degree that trained students to apply or practice knowledge, rather than generate it, similar to other students in vocational schools or institutes. In the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, first introduced at Durham University in 1. The Ph. D spread to the UK from the US via Canada, and was instituted at all British universities from 1. DPhil being awarded at the University of Oxford. Following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor J. D., was established by the University of Chicago in 1. However it took a long time to be accepted, not replacing the Bachelor of Laws LLB until the 1. LLB was generally taken as a graduate degree. Notably, the curriculum for the JD and LLB were identical, with the degree being renamed as a doctorate, and it like the MD was not equivalent to the Ph. D, raising criticism that it was not a true Doctorate. When professional doctorates were established in the UK in the late 1. US model but were instead set up as research degrees at the same level as Ph. Ds but with some taught components and a professional concentration for the research work. Profile Jennifer Lawless. Area of Expertise Women and politics, campaigns, elections, female politicians, gender gap. Additional Information Jennifer L. Lawless focuses on gender politics, electoral politics, and public opinion. She has published numerous articles in academic journals, such as the American Journal of Political Science, Political Research Quarterly, Legislative Studies Quarterly, and Journal of Politics and Politics Gender and Perspectives. Lawless is the author of Becoming A Candidate Political Ambition and the Decision to Run for Office Cambridge University Press and the lead author of  It Still Takes a Candidate Why Women Dont Run for Office Cambridge University Press, 2. Lawless is author of two recent Brookings Institution papers Not a Year of the Woman. Doesnt Look So Good EitherBrookings Nov. Its the Family, Stupid Not Quite. How Traditional Gender Roles Do Not Affect Womens Political AmbitionBrookings, July 2. She also coauthored a Brookings Institution policy report used by various womens groups and state party organizations to help promote and recruit women candidates. Currently, she serves as the editor of Politics Gender. She is a coauthor of Women on the Run Gender, Media, and Political Campaigns in the Polarized Era. A recognized speaker on the subject of electoral politics, Lawless frequently discusses these issues on national and local television and radio outlets. Her scholarly analysis and political commentary have been quoted in the New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, New Republic, Chronicle of Higher Education, Boston Globe, Pittsburgh Gazette, Seattle Times, Hartford Courant, Providence Journal, Associated Press Newswire, and Today Showand Reuters, CNN. MSNBC. com, and FOXNews. Huffington Post, Politico, and CBSNews. In 2. 00. 6, she sought the Democratic nomination for the U. S. House of Representatives in Rhode Islands second congressional district. Although she lost the race, she is still very active in politics, most recently joining the national board of Emerge America. Media Relations. To request an interview please call AU Media Relations at 2.